https://sourcebook.acus.gov/wiki/Regulatory_Flexibility_Act/history?feed=atom&Regulatory Flexibility Act - Revision history2024-03-29T13:08:31ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.31.0https://sourcebook.acus.gov/index.php?title=Regulatory_Flexibility_Act&diff=1683&oldid=prevMGluth at 21:19, 15 August 20232023-08-15T21:19:55Z<p></p>
<a href="https://sourcebook.acus.gov/index.php?title=Regulatory_Flexibility_Act&diff=1683&oldid=1585">Show changes</a>MGluthhttps://sourcebook.acus.gov/index.php?title=Regulatory_Flexibility_Act&diff=1585&oldid=prevMGluth: /* Bibliography */2022-05-31T21:41:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Bibliography</span></span></p>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*2012-1, [https://www.acus.gov/recommendation/regulatory-analysis-requirements Regulatory Analysis Requirements]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*2012-1, [https://www.acus.gov/recommendation/regulatory-analysis-requirements Regulatory Analysis Requirements]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*2013-2, [https://www.acus.gov/recommendation/benefit-cost-analysis-independent-regulatory-agencies Benefit-Cost Analysis at Independent Regulatory Agencies]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*2013-2, [https://www.acus.gov/recommendation/benefit-cost-analysis-independent-regulatory-agencies Benefit-Cost Analysis at Independent Regulatory Agencies]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*2019-5, [https://www.acus.gov/recommendation/agency-economists Agency Economists]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*2019-5, [https://www.acus.gov/recommendation/agency-economists Agency Economists]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*2021-3, [https://www.acus.gov/recommendation/early-input-regulatory-alternatives Early Input on Regulatory Alternatives]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*2021-3, [https://www.acus.gov/recommendation/early-input-regulatory-alternatives Early Input on Regulatory Alternatives]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></div></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===GAO Documents===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===GAO Documents===</div></td></tr>
</table>MGluthhttps://sourcebook.acus.gov/index.php?title=Regulatory_Flexibility_Act&diff=1584&oldid=prevMGluth: /* Bibliography */2022-05-31T21:40:48Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Bibliography</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:40, 31 May 2022</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Executive Order 13272, [https://www.sba.gov/advocacy/executive-order-13272-august-13-2002 Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking], 67 Fed. Reg. 53461 (Aug. 13, 2002).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Executive Order 13272, [https://www.sba.gov/advocacy/executive-order-13272-august-13-2002 Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking], 67 Fed. Reg. 53461 (Aug. 13, 2002).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===ACUS Recommendations===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*2012-1, [https://www.acus.gov/recommendation/regulatory-analysis-requirements Regulatory Analysis Requirements]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*2013-2, [https://www.acus.gov/recommendation/benefit-cost-analysis-independent-regulatory-agencies Benefit-Cost Analysis at Independent Regulatory Agencies]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*2014-5, [https://www.acus.gov/recommendation/retrospective-review-agency-rules Retrospective Review of Agency Rules]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*2015-1, [https://www.acus.gov/recommendation/promoting-accuracy-and-transparency-unified-agenda Promoting Accuracy and Transparency in the Unified Agenda]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*2019-5, [https://www.acus.gov/recommendation/agency-economists Agency Economists]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*2021-3, [https://www.acus.gov/recommendation/early-input-regulatory-alternatives Early Input on Regulatory Alternatives]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===GAO Documents===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===GAO Documents===</div></td></tr>
</table>MGluthhttps://sourcebook.acus.gov/index.php?title=Regulatory_Flexibility_Act&diff=1583&oldid=prevMGluth: /* Books and Articles */2022-05-31T21:37:04Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Books and Articles</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Thomas O. Sargentich, ''The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act'', 49 Admin. L. Rev. 123 (1997).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Thomas O. Sargentich, ''The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act'', 49 Admin. L. Rev. 123 (1997).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Michael See, [https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2207&context=ulj Willful Blindness: Federal Agencies’ Failure to Comply with the Regulatory Flexibility Act’s Periodic Review Requirement—and Current Proposals to Invigorate the Act], 33 Fordham Urb. L. J. 1199 (2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Michael See, [https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2207&context=ulj Willful Blindness: Federal Agencies’ Failure to Comply with the Regulatory Flexibility Act’s Periodic Review Requirement—and Current Proposals to Invigorate the Act], 33 Fordham Urb. L. J. 1199 (2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*Vartan Shadarevian and Robert Delaney, [https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3781725 Multiple-Rule Cost Benefit Analysis], 15 Charleston L. Rev. 373 (2021).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Stuart Shapiro & Deanna Moran, [http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Shapiro-Moran-Regulatory-Reform-Since-the-APA-19nyujlpp141.pdf The Checkered History of Regulatory Reform Since the APA], 19 N.Y.U. J. Legis. & Pub. Pol’y 141 (2016).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Stuart Shapiro & Deanna Moran, [http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Shapiro-Moran-Regulatory-Reform-Since-the-APA-19nyujlpp141.pdf The Checkered History of Regulatory Reform Since the APA], 19 N.Y.U. J. Legis. & Pub. Pol’y 141 (2016).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Sarah Shive, [https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/78239/OSBLJ_V1N1_153.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y If You’ve Always Done It That Way, It’s Probably Wrong: How The Regulatory Flexibility Act Has Failed To Change Agency Behavior, And How Congress Can Fix It], 1 Entrepreneurial Bus. L.J. 153 (2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Sarah Shive, [https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/78239/OSBLJ_V1N1_153.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y If You’ve Always Done It That Way, It’s Probably Wrong: How The Regulatory Flexibility Act Has Failed To Change Agency Behavior, And How Congress Can Fix It], 1 Entrepreneurial Bus. L.J. 153 (2006).</div></td></tr>
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</table>MGluthhttps://sourcebook.acus.gov/index.php?title=Regulatory_Flexibility_Act&diff=1528&oldid=prevLaschriever at 17:52, 4 March 20212021-03-04T17:52:42Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Agencies must publish semiannual regulatory agendas identifying upcoming and current rulemaking proposals that are “likely to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities” (5 U.S.C. [http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section602&num=0&edition=prelim § 602(a)(1)]). In addition, the Reg Flex Act directs agencies to apply regulatory flexibility analysis to their existing rules, initially evaluating them over a 10-year period and reviewing them periodically.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Agencies must publish semiannual regulatory agendas identifying upcoming and current rulemaking proposals that are “likely to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities” (5 U.S.C. [http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section602&num=0&edition=prelim § 602(a)(1)]). In addition, the Reg Flex Act directs agencies to apply regulatory flexibility analysis to their existing rules, initially evaluating them over a 10-year period and reviewing them periodically.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2002, President Bush signed Executive Order <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">13,272</del>, [https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/eo13272.pdf Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking]. For the most part, the Order simply restates the requirements of the Reg Flex Act.  In addition, it gives prominence to the role of the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the SBA and specifically requires that an agency provide the Chief Counsel with a draft of any proposed rule that may have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities at the same time the agency provides it to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) under Executive Order <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">12,866</del>, [https://www.archives.gov/files/federal-register/executive-orders/pdf/12866.pdf Regulatory Planning and Review], or, if the draft is not required to be sent to OIRA, at a reasonable time prior to publication of the proposed rule. The Chief Counsel not only advises agencies as to his views on proposed rules, he also has from time-to-time participated in litigation as an amicus curiae in support of challenges to agency rules.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2002, President Bush signed Executive Order <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">13272</ins>, [https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/eo13272.pdf Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking]. For the most part, the Order simply restates the requirements of the Reg Flex Act.  In addition, it gives prominence to the role of the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the SBA and specifically requires that an agency provide the Chief Counsel with a draft of any proposed rule that may have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities at the same time the agency provides it to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) under Executive Order <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">12866</ins>, [https://www.archives.gov/files/federal-register/executive-orders/pdf/12866.pdf Regulatory Planning and Review], or, if the draft is not required to be sent to OIRA, at a reasonable time prior to publication of the proposed rule. The Chief Counsel not only advises agencies as to his views on proposed rules, he also has from time-to-time participated in litigation as an amicus curiae in support of challenges to agency rules.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It should be noted that the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 also contained provisions concerning “regulatory compliance simplification,” requiring agencies to prepare compliance guides and answer inquiries on compliance from small entities.  It also required certain “regulatory enforcement reforms,” including the establishment (within the SBA) of a [https://www.sba.gov/ombudsman Small Business and Agriculture Enforcement Ombudsman] and [https://www.sba.gov/ombudsman/fairness-boards Regional Small Business Regulatory Fairness Boards], and authorization for agencies to waive civil money penalties assessed on small entities in certain circumstances.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It should be noted that the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 also contained provisions concerning “regulatory compliance simplification,” requiring agencies to prepare compliance guides and answer inquiries on compliance from small entities.  It also required certain “regulatory enforcement reforms,” including the establishment (within the SBA) of a [https://www.sba.gov/ombudsman Small Business and Agriculture Enforcement Ombudsman] and [https://www.sba.gov/ombudsman/fairness-boards Regional Small Business Regulatory Fairness Boards], and authorization for agencies to waive civil money penalties assessed on small entities in certain circumstances.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l72" >Line 72:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 72:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Providing for the Consideration of H.R. 3136, The Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996, [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-104hrpt500/pdf/CRPT-104hrpt500.pdf H.R. Rep. No. 104-500] (1996).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Providing for the Consideration of H.R. 3136, The Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996, [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-104hrpt500/pdf/CRPT-104hrpt500.pdf H.R. Rep. No. 104-500] (1996).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act: Are Federal Agencies Using “Good Science” in Their Rule Making?'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Gov’t Programs and Oversight, Subcomm. on Regulation Reform and Paperwork Reduction of the H. Comm. on Small Bus., 105th Cong. (1997).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act: Are Federal Agencies Using “Good Science” in Their Rule Making?'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Gov’t Programs and Oversight, Subcomm. on Regulation Reform and Paperwork Reduction of the H. Comm. on Small Bus., 105th Cong. (1997).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg65907/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg65907.pdf Reducing Federal Agency Overreach: Modernizing the Regulatory Flexibility Act]'','' H. Comm. on Small Bus., 112th Cong. (2011).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg65907/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg65907.pdf Reducing Federal Agency Overreach: Modernizing the Regulatory Flexibility Act]'','' H. Comm. on Small Bus., 112th Cong. (2011).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg77558/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg77558.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act Compliance: Is EPA Failing Small Businesses?], Hearing Before H. Comm. on Small Bus., 112th Cong. (2012).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg77558/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg77558.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act Compliance: Is EPA Failing Small Businesses?], Hearing Before H. Comm. on Small Bus., 112th Cong. (2012).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-114hrpt14/pdf/CRPT-114hrpt14.pdf H.R. Rep. No. 114–14] (2015).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-114hrpt14/pdf/CRPT-114hrpt14.pdf H.R. Rep. No. 114–14] (2015).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Executive Orders and White House Documents===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Executive Orders and White House Documents===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Executive Order <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">13,272</del>, [https://www.sba.gov/advocacy/executive-order-13272-august-13-2002 Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking], 67 Fed. Reg. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">53,461 </del>(Aug. 13, 2002).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Executive Order <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">13272</ins>, [https://www.sba.gov/advocacy/executive-order-13272-august-13-2002 Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking], 67 Fed. Reg. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">53461 </ins>(Aug. 13, 2002).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===GAO Documents===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===GAO Documents===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l87" >Line 87:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 88:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GAO-GGD-OGC-97-77R, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/90/86361.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Agencies’ Use of the November 1996 Unified Agenda Did Not Satisfy Notification Requirements] (1997).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GAO-GGD-OGC-97-77R, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/90/86361.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Agencies’ Use of the November 1996 Unified Agenda Did Not Satisfy Notification Requirements] (1997).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GGD-98-61R, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/90/87335.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Agencies’ Use of the October 1997 Unified Agenda Often Did Not Satisfy Notification Requirements] (1998).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GGD-98-61R, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/90/87335.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Agencies’ Use of the October 1997 Unified Agenda Often Did Not Satisfy Notification Requirements] (1998).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GAOGGD-98-75, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/110/107307.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Implementation of the Small Business Advocacy Review Panel Requirements] (1998).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GAOGGD-98-75, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/110/107307.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Implementation of the Small Business Advocacy Review Panel Requirements] (1998).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GAO-GGD-99-55, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/230/227145.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Agencies’ Interpretations of Review Requirements Vary] (1999).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GAO-GGD-99-55, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/230/227145.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Agencies’ Interpretations of Review Requirements Vary] (1999).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GAO-GGD-00193, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/240/230791.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Implementation in EPA Programs Office and Proposed Lead Rule] (2000).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GAO-GGD-00193, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/240/230791.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Implementation in EPA Programs Office and Proposed Lead Rule] (2000).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GAO-01-669T, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/110/108793.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Key Terms Still Need to Be Clarified] (2001).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GAO-01-669T, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/110/108793.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Key Terms Still Need to Be Clarified] (2001).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GAO-02-491T, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/110/109134.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Clarification of Key Terms Still Needed] (2002).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GAO-02-491T, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/110/109134.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Clarification of Key Terms Still Needed] (2002).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GAO-06-998T, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/120/114481.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Congress Should Revisit and Clarify Elements of the Act to Improve Its Effectiveness] (2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*GAO-06-998T, [https://www.gao.gov/assets/120/114481.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act: Congress Should Revisit and Clarify Elements of the Act to Improve Its Effectiveness] (2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l97" >Line 97:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 98:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Dep’t of Labor, Occupational Health and Safety Admin., [https://www.osha.gov/Publications/smallbusiness/small-business.html Small Business Handbook] (2005).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Dep’t of Labor, Occupational Health and Safety Admin., [https://www.osha.gov/Publications/smallbusiness/small-business.html Small Business Handbook] (2005).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Envtl. Prot. Agency, [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2000-04-11/pdf/00-8955.pdf Small Business Compliance Policy], 65 Fed. Reg. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">19,630 </del>(Apr. 11, 2000).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Envtl. Prot. Agency, [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2000-04-11/pdf/00-8955.pdf Small Business Compliance Policy], 65 Fed. Reg. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">19630 </ins>(Apr. 11, 2000).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Envtl. Prot. Agency, [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2004-06-02/pdf/04-12417.pdf Agency Policy and Guidance: Small Local Governments Compliance Assistance Policy], 69 Fed. Reg. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">31,278 </del>(June 2, 2004).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Envtl. Prot. Agency, [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2004-06-02/pdf/04-12417.pdf Agency Policy and Guidance: Small Local Governments Compliance Assistance Policy], 69 Fed. Reg. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">31278 </ins>(June 2, 2004).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Envtl. Prot. Agency, [https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-06/documents/guidance-regflexact.pdf Final Guidance for EPA Rulewriters: Regulatory Flexibility Act as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act] (2006).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Envtl. Prot. Agency, [https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-06/documents/guidance-regflexact.pdf Final Guidance for EPA Rulewriters: Regulatory Flexibility Act as amended by the Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act] (2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Office of Advocacy, Small Bus. Admin., [https://www.sba.gov/advocacy/regulatory-flexibility-act-annual-reports Annual Reports of the Chief Counsel for Advocacy on Implementation of the Regulatory Flexibility Act and Executive Order 13272] (2001-present).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Office of Advocacy, Small Bus. Admin., [https://www.sba.gov/advocacy/regulatory-flexibility-act-annual-reports Annual Reports of the Chief Counsel for Advocacy on Implementation of the Regulatory Flexibility Act and Executive Order 13272] (2001-present).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Office of Advocacy, Small Bus. Admin., [https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/rfaguide_0512_0.pdf A Guide for Government Agencies: How to Comply with the Regulatory Flexibility Act] (2012).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Office of Advocacy, Small Bus. Admin., [https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/rfaguide_0512_0.pdf A Guide for Government Agencies: How to Comply with the Regulatory Flexibility Act] (2012).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l117" >Line 117:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 118:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Books and Articles===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Books and Articles===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Reeve Bull & Jerry Ellig, [https://www.mercatus.org/system/files/mercatus-bull-ellig-judicial-review-ria-v1.pdf Judicial Review of Regulatory Impact Analysis: Why Not the Best?], 69 Admin. L. Rev. 725 (2017).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Reeve Bull & Jerry Ellig, [https://www.mercatus.org/system/files/mercatus-bull-ellig-judicial-review-ria-v1.pdf Judicial Review of Regulatory Impact Analysis: Why Not the Best?], 69 Admin. L. Rev. 725 (2017).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Doris S. Freedman, Barney Singer, & Frank Swain, ''The Regulatory Flexibility Act: Orienting Federal Regulation Toward Small Business'', 93 Dick. L. Rev. 439 (1989).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Doris S. Freedman, Barney Singer, & Frank Swain, ''The Regulatory Flexibility Act: Orienting Federal Regulation Toward Small Business'', 93 Dick. L. Rev. 439 (1989).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Keith Holman, [https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2203&context=ulj The Regulatory Flexibility Act at 25: Is the Law Achieving its Goal?], 33 Fordham Urb. L. J. 1119 (2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Keith Holman, [https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2203&context=ulj The Regulatory Flexibility Act at 25: Is the Law Achieving its Goal?], 33 Fordham Urb. L. J. 1119 (2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l125" >Line 125:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 126:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Thomas O. Sargentich, ''The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act'', 49 Admin. L. Rev. 123 (1997).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Thomas O. Sargentich, ''The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act'', 49 Admin. L. Rev. 123 (1997).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Michael See, [https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2207&context=ulj Willful Blindness: Federal Agencies’ Failure to Comply with the Regulatory Flexibility Act’s Periodic Review Requirement—and Current Proposals to Invigorate the Act], 33 Fordham Urb. L. J. 1199 (2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Michael See, [https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2207&context=ulj Willful Blindness: Federal Agencies’ Failure to Comply with the Regulatory Flexibility Act’s Periodic Review Requirement—and Current Proposals to Invigorate the Act], 33 Fordham Urb. L. J. 1199 (2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Stuart Shapiro & Deanna Moran, [http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Shapiro-Moran-Regulatory-Reform-Since-the-APA-19nyujlpp141.pdf The Checkered History of Regulatory Reform Since the APA], 19 N.Y.U. J. Legis. & Pub. Pol’y 141 (2016).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Stuart Shapiro & Deanna Moran, [http://www.nyujlpp.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Shapiro-Moran-Regulatory-Reform-Since-the-APA-19nyujlpp141.pdf The Checkered History of Regulatory Reform Since the APA], 19 N.Y.U. J. Legis. & Pub. Pol’y 141 (2016).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Sarah Shive, [https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/78239/OSBLJ_V1N1_153.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y If You’ve Always Done It That Way, It’s Probably Wrong: How The Regulatory Flexibility Act Has Failed To Change Agency Behavior, And How Congress Can Fix It], 1 Entrepreneurial Bus. L.J. 153 (2006).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Sarah Shive, [https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/handle/1811/78239/OSBLJ_V1N1_153.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y If You’ve Always Done It That Way, It’s Probably Wrong: How The Regulatory Flexibility Act Has Failed To Change Agency Behavior, And How Congress Can Fix It], 1 Entrepreneurial Bus. L.J. 153 (2006).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Paul Verkuil, [https://www.acus.gov/sites/default/files/documents/N3%201981%20Verkuil%20Critical%20Guide%20to%20Reg%20Flex%201981%20ACUS%20203%20%28CP%20146%29.pdf A Critical Guide to the Regulatory Flexibility Act], (report to ACUS), reprinted in [https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2804&context=dlj 2 Duke L.J. 213] (1982).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Paul Verkuil, [https://www.acus.gov/sites/default/files/documents/N3%201981%20Verkuil%20Critical%20Guide%20to%20Reg%20Flex%201981%20ACUS%20203%20%28CP%20146%29.pdf A Critical Guide to the Regulatory Flexibility Act], (report to ACUS), reprinted in [https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2804&context=dlj 2 Duke L.J. 213] (1982).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l134" >Line 134:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Title 5 U.S. Code  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Title 5 U.S. Code  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title5/part1/chapter6&edition=prelim Chapter 6—The Analysis of Regulatory Functions]  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?path=/prelim@title5/part1/chapter6&edition=prelim Chapter 6—The Analysis of Regulatory Functions]  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**[http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section601&num=0&edition=prelim § 601. Definitions]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>**[http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section601&num=0&edition=prelim § 601. Definitions]</div></td></tr>
</table>Laschrieverhttps://sourcebook.acus.gov/index.php?title=Regulatory_Flexibility_Act&diff=1394&oldid=prevFrank: /* Overview */2018-12-11T17:28:03Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Overview</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:28, 11 December 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l15" >Line 15:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Reg Flex Act does not mandate any particular outcome in rulemaking; it encourages, but does not require, the “tiering” of government regulations through a number of techniques designed to make them less burdensome to small entities. An agency’s initial RFA must identify any “significant alternatives” to the proposed regulation that might achieve its goals while minimizing the impact on small entities. Approaches suggested in the statute include modifying compliance or reporting timetables, simplifying compliance or reporting requirements, using performance rather than design standards, and exempting small entities from certain requirements. The final RFA must explain why any such significant alternatives to the rule were not adopted and the steps taken by the agency to minimize the effects of the rule on small entities.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Reg Flex Act does not mandate any particular outcome in rulemaking; it encourages, but does not require, the “tiering” of government regulations through a number of techniques designed to make them less burdensome to small entities. An agency’s initial RFA must identify any “significant alternatives” to the proposed regulation that might achieve its goals while minimizing the impact on small entities. Approaches suggested in the statute include modifying compliance or reporting timetables, simplifying compliance or reporting requirements, using performance rather than design standards, and exempting small entities from certain requirements. The final RFA must explain why any such significant alternatives to the rule were not adopted and the steps taken by the agency to minimize the effects of the rule on small entities.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Agencies must publish semiannual regulatory agendas identifying upcoming and current rulemaking proposals that are “likely to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">entities.” </del>5 U.S.C. [http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section602&num=0&edition=prelim § 602(a)(1)]. In addition, the Reg Flex Act directs agencies to apply regulatory flexibility analysis to their existing rules, initially evaluating them over a 10-year period and reviewing them periodically.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Agencies must publish semiannual regulatory agendas identifying upcoming and current rulemaking proposals that are “likely to have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">entities” (</ins>5 U.S.C. [http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title5-section602&num=0&edition=prelim § 602(a)(1)]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</ins>. In addition, the Reg Flex Act directs agencies to apply regulatory flexibility analysis to their existing rules, initially evaluating them over a 10-year period and reviewing them periodically.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2002, President Bush signed Executive Order 13,272, [https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/eo13272.pdf Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking]. For the most part, the Order simply restates the requirements of the Reg Flex Act.  In addition, it gives prominence to the role of the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the SBA and specifically requires that an agency provide the Chief Counsel with a draft of any proposed rule that may have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities at the same time the agency provides it to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) under Executive Order 12,866, [https://www.archives.gov/files/federal-register/executive-orders/pdf/12866.pdf Regulatory Planning and Review], or, if the draft is not required to be sent to OIRA, at a reasonable time prior to publication of the proposed rule. The Chief Counsel not only advises agencies as to his views on proposed rules, he also has from time-to-time participated in litigation as an amicus curiae in support of challenges to agency rules.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2002, President Bush signed Executive Order 13,272, [https://www.sba.gov/sites/default/files/advocacy/eo13272.pdf Proper Consideration of Small Entities in Agency Rulemaking]. For the most part, the Order simply restates the requirements of the Reg Flex Act.  In addition, it gives prominence to the role of the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the SBA and specifically requires that an agency provide the Chief Counsel with a draft of any proposed rule that may have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities at the same time the agency provides it to the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) under Executive Order 12,866, [https://www.archives.gov/files/federal-register/executive-orders/pdf/12866.pdf Regulatory Planning and Review], or, if the draft is not required to be sent to OIRA, at a reasonable time prior to publication of the proposed rule. The Chief Counsel not only advises agencies as to his views on proposed rules, he also has from time-to-time participated in litigation as an amicus curiae in support of challenges to agency rules.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l33" >Line 33:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 33:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several cases have involved challenges to the adequacy of an agency certification of no significant impact or final RFA by claiming that the agency failed to consider the effects of the proposed rule on a particular entity. The first, ''Mid-Tex Electric Cooperative, Inc. v. FERC'', 773 F.2d 327 (D.C. Cir. 1985), determined that the certification was appropriate because the agency need only consider the rule’s direct impact on regulated entities and not the indirect impacts of the rule on entities not regulated by the agency. More recent cases have affirmed ''Mid-Tex''’s holding. ''See, e.g.'', [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/EF8395F2EE4D5B1985256F7A006441F7/$file/99-1457a.txt Cement Kiln Recycling Coal. v. EPA], 255 F.3d 855 (D.C. Cir. 2001); [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/2C84DF90A90B8E4D85256F12006E50F5/$file/96-1392a.txt Motor & Equip. Mfs. Ass’n v. Nichols], 142 F.3d 449, 467 (D.C. Cir. 1998); ''United Distribution Cos. v. FERC'', 88 F.3d 1105, 1170 (D.C. Cir. 1996); ''State of Colo. ex rel. Colo. State Banking Bd. v. Resolution Trust'', 926 F.2d 931 (10th Cir. 1991). ''But see'' [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/B46FDD11B39FE4E68525744000455588/$file/06-1091a.pdf Aeronautical Repair Station Ass’n, Inc. v. FAA], 494 F.3d 161 (D.C. Cir. 2007).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several cases have involved challenges to the adequacy of an agency certification of no significant impact or final RFA by claiming that the agency failed to consider the effects of the proposed rule on a particular entity. The first, ''Mid-Tex Electric Cooperative, Inc. v. FERC'', 773 F.2d 327 (D.C. Cir. 1985), determined that the certification was appropriate because the agency need only consider the rule’s direct impact on regulated entities and not the indirect impacts of the rule on entities not regulated by the agency. More recent cases have affirmed ''Mid-Tex''’s holding. ''See, e.g.'', [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/EF8395F2EE4D5B1985256F7A006441F7/$file/99-1457a.txt Cement Kiln Recycling Coal. v. EPA], 255 F.3d 855 (D.C. Cir. 2001); [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/2C84DF90A90B8E4D85256F12006E50F5/$file/96-1392a.txt Motor & Equip. Mfs. Ass’n v. Nichols], 142 F.3d 449, 467 (D.C. Cir. 1998); ''United Distribution Cos. v. FERC'', 88 F.3d 1105, 1170 (D.C. Cir. 1996); ''State of Colo. ex rel. Colo. State Banking Bd. v. Resolution Trust'', 926 F.2d 931 (10th Cir. 1991). ''But see'' [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/B46FDD11B39FE4E68525744000455588/$file/06-1091a.pdf Aeronautical Repair Station Ass’n, Inc. v. FAA], 494 F.3d 161 (D.C. Cir. 2007).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition, when determining whether an impacted entity is a “small entity,” the agency is required to use the definitions found in the Reg Flex Act, the references made therefrom to the Small Business Act<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>15 U.S.C. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">§ </del>[http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section632&num=0&edition=prelim 632]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>and definitions promulgated by the Small Business Association<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>13 C.F.R. [https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=1ec2a07c3f665fc09f989c1af8524f49&mc=true&node=se13.1.121_1201&rgn=div8 § 121.201]. ''Nw. Mining Ass’n v. Babbitt'', 5 F. Supp. 2d 9 (D.D.C. 1998).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition, when determining whether an impacted entity is a “small entity,” the agency is required to use the definitions found in the Reg Flex Act, the references made therefrom to the Small Business Act <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</ins>15 U.S.C. [http://uscode.house.gov/view.xhtml?req=granuleid:USC-prelim-title15-section632&num=0&edition=prelim <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">§ </ins>632]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </ins>and definitions promulgated by the Small Business Association <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</ins>13 C.F.R. [https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=1ec2a07c3f665fc09f989c1af8524f49&mc=true&node=se13.1.121_1201&rgn=div8 § 121.201]<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</ins>. ''Nw. Mining Ass’n v. Babbitt'', 5 F. Supp. 2d 9 (D.D.C. 1998).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Legislative History==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Legislative History==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===95th Congress===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===95th Congress===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Reg Flex Act was introduced originally as S. 1974 by Senators Culver and Nelson. Hearings on S. 1974 as amended were held on October 7, 1977, and August 23, 1978, before the Senate Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure, which unanimously reported S. 1974 to the Judiciary Committee on September 9, 1978. The Senate passed the bill on October 14, 1978. In the House of Representatives, H.R. 11376, the companion bill to S.1974, was introduced on March 8, 1978, by Representatives Kastenmeier and Baldus, but no further action was taken.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Reg Flex Act was introduced originally as S. 1974 by Senators <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">John </ins>Culver and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gaylord </ins>Nelson. Hearings on S. 1974 as amended were held on October 7, 1977, and August 23, 1978, before the Senate Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure, which unanimously reported S. 1974 to the Judiciary Committee on September 9, 1978. The Senate passed the bill on October 14, 1978. In the House of Representatives, H.R. 11376, the companion bill to S.1974, was introduced on March 8, 1978, by Representatives <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Robert </ins>Kastenmeier and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Alvin </ins>Baldus, but no further action was taken.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===96th Congress===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===96th Congress===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l49" >Line 49:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 49:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===103rd Congress===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===103rd Congress===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although Congress repeatedly held hearings on the Reg Flex Act and the effects of regulation on small entities, no amendments were proposed until the 103rd Congress. ''See'' ''Oversight of Regulatory Flexibility Act (Part 1)'': Hearings Before the Subcomm. on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Export </del>Opportunities and Special Small Bus. Problems of the H. Small <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Business </del>Comm., 97th Cong<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">., 1st Sess</del>. (1981). Representative Ewing introduced the Regulatory Flexibility Act Amendments of 1993 as [https://www.congress.gov/103/bills/hr830/BILLS-103hr830ih.pdf H.R. 830]. Although H.R. 830 had over 250 cosponsors, the bill never progressed beyond the House Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations. The Senate passed a similar bill as an amendment to S. 4, which was considered in the House, H.R. 820, but this too failed to pass.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although Congress repeatedly held hearings on the Reg Flex Act and the effects of regulation on small entities, no amendments were proposed until the 103rd Congress. ''See'' ''Oversight of Regulatory Flexibility Act (Part 1)'': Hearings Before the Subcomm. on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Exp. </ins>Opportunities and Special Small Bus. Problems of the H. Small <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bus. </ins>Comm., 97th Cong. (1981). Representative <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Thomas </ins>Ewing introduced the Regulatory Flexibility Act Amendments of 1993 as [https://www.congress.gov/103/bills/hr830/BILLS-103hr830ih.pdf H.R. 830]. Although H.R. 830 had over 250 cosponsors, the bill never progressed beyond the House Subcommittee on Administrative Law and Governmental Relations. The Senate passed a similar bill as an amendment to S. 4, which was considered in the House, H.R. 820, but this too failed to pass.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===104th Congress===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===104th Congress===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 was originally introduced on June 16, 1995, by Senator Bond as [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/s942/BILLS-104s942rfh.pdf S. 942] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(141 Cong. Rec. 8560)</del>. It was referred to the Committee on Small Business, and hearings were held on February 28, 1996 (S. Hrg. 104-443). The Senate passed S. 942, as amended, on March 19, 1996. Three days later, the House began considering the measure as part of the Contract with America Advancement Act ([https://www.congress.gov/104/plaws/publ121/PLAW-104publ121.pdf H.R. 3136]). The bill was referred to the House Committees on Ways and Means, Budget, Rules, the Judiciary, Small Business, and Government Reform and Oversight for consideration. On March 27, the House Rules Committee reported up a resolution, [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/hres391/BILLS-104hres391eh.pdf H.R. Res. 391], which provided for the consideration of H.R. 3136. [https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/hrpt500/CRPT-104hrpt500.pdf H.R. Rep. 104-500] (1996). The next day, both the resolution and the bill passed the House, and the bill was read and passed without amendment by the Senate. President Clinton signed the bill into law on March 29, 1996.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 was originally introduced on June 16, 1995, by Senator <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Kit </ins>Bond as [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/s942/BILLS-104s942rfh.pdf S. 942]. It was referred to the Committee on Small Business, and hearings were held on February 28, 1996 (S. Hrg. 104-443). The Senate passed S. 942, as amended, on March 19, 1996. Three days later, the House began considering the measure as part of the Contract with America Advancement Act ([https://www.congress.gov/104/plaws/publ121/PLAW-104publ121.pdf H.R. 3136]). The bill was referred to the House Committees on Ways and Means, Budget, Rules, the Judiciary, Small Business, and Government Reform and Oversight for consideration. On March 27, the House Rules Committee reported up a resolution, [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/hres391/BILLS-104hres391eh.pdf H.R. Res. 391], which provided for the consideration of H.R. 3136. [https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/hrpt500/CRPT-104hrpt500.pdf H.R. Rep. 104-500] (1996). The next day, both the resolution and the bill passed the House, and the bill was read and passed without amendment by the Senate. President Clinton signed the bill into law on March 29, 1996.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most extensive discussion of the Reg Flex Act’s original provisions is Paul Verkuil, [https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2804&context=dlj Critical Guide to the Regulatory Flexibility Act], 1982 Duke L.J. 213 (1982). Although it does not include a discussion of the 1996 Amendments, the ''Guide'' may still be useful in some regard since the Amendments changed very little of the previous substantive requirements of the Reg Flex Act. The annual reports issued by the Small Business Administration’s Office of Advocacy contain a wealth of information on agency implementation of the Reg Flex Act, as well as on the Reg Flex Act’s strengths and weaknesses as identified by that Office. These reports, along with a host of other Regulatory Flexibility Act documents, can be found at the [https://www.sba.gov/category/advocacy-navigation-structure/regulatory-policy_0 Office of Advocacy’s Regulatory Affairs webpage].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most extensive discussion of the Reg Flex Act’s original provisions is Paul Verkuil, [https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2804&context=dlj Critical Guide to the Regulatory Flexibility Act], 1982 Duke L.J. 213 (1982). Although it does not include a discussion of the 1996 Amendments, the ''Guide'' may still be useful in some regard since the Amendments changed very little of the previous substantive requirements of the Reg Flex Act. The annual reports issued by the Small Business Administration’s Office of Advocacy contain a wealth of information on agency implementation of the Reg Flex Act, as well as on the Reg Flex Act’s strengths and weaknesses as identified by that Office. These reports, along with a host of other Regulatory Flexibility Act documents, can be found at the [https://www.sba.gov/category/advocacy-navigation-structure/regulatory-policy_0 Office of Advocacy’s Regulatory Affairs webpage].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l61" >Line 61:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 61:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2"></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><div style="column-count:2;-moz-column-count:2;-webkit-column-count:2"></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act'', Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practices and Procedures of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 95th Cong. (1977).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act'', Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practices and Procedures of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 95th Cong. (1977).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practice and Procedure, S. Comm. on the Judiciary and S. Select Comm. on Small <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Business</del>, 95th Cong. (1978).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practice and Procedure, S. Comm. on the Judiciary and S. Select Comm. on Small <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bus.</ins>, 95th Cong. (1978).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*S. Rep. No. 1322 (1978).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*S. Rep. No. 1322 (1978).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Reform'', Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practice and Procedure of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 96th Cong. (1979).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Reform'', Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practice and Procedure of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 96th Cong. (1979).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l67" >Line 67:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 67:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''President’s Statement on Senate Approval of S.299'', 16 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1,508 (Aug. 6, 1980).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''President’s Statement on Senate Approval of S.299'', 16 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1,508 (Aug. 6, 1980).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*S. Rep. No. 878 (1980).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*S. Rep. No. 878 (1980).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Flexibility Act'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Regulatory Reform, S. Comm. on the Judiciary and Subcomm. on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gov't </del>Regulation and Paperwork, S. Comm. on Small <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Business</del>, 97th Cong. (1982).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Flexibility Act'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Regulatory Reform, S. Comm. on the Judiciary and Subcomm. on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gov’t </ins>Regulation and Paperwork, S. Comm. on Small <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Bus.</ins>, 97th Cong. (1982).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Reform Initiatives'', Hearing Before the S. Comm. on Gov’tal Affairs, 100th Cong. (1988).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Reform Initiatives'', Hearing Before the S. Comm. on Gov’tal Affairs, 100th Cong. (1988).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''S.917 and S.942: Implementing the White House Conference on Small Business–Recommendations on Regulations and Paperwork'', Hearing Before the S. Small Business Comm., 104th Cong. (1996).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''S.917 and S.942: Implementing the White House Conference on Small Business–Recommendations on Regulations and Paperwork'', Hearing Before the S. Small Business Comm., 104th Cong. (1996).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Frankhttps://sourcebook.acus.gov/index.php?title=Regulatory_Flexibility_Act&diff=1356&oldid=prevFrank: /* Overview */2018-12-04T17:34:04Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Overview</span></span></p>
<a href="https://sourcebook.acus.gov/index.php?title=Regulatory_Flexibility_Act&diff=1356&oldid=1332">Show changes</a>Frankhttps://sourcebook.acus.gov/index.php?title=Regulatory_Flexibility_Act&diff=1332&oldid=prevFrank: /* 103rd Congress */2018-11-30T21:13:38Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">103rd Congress</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:13, 30 November 2018</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===104th Congress===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===104th Congress===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 was originally introduced on June 16, 1995, by Senator Bond as [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/s942/BILLS-104s942rfh.pdf S. 942] (141 Cong. Rec. 8560). It was referred to the Committee on Small Business, and hearings were held on February 28, 1996 (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>S. Hrg. 104-443<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>). The Senate passed S. 942, as amended, on March 19, 1996. Three days later, the House began considering the measure as part of [https://www.congress.gov/104/plaws/publ121/PLAW-104publ121.pdf H.R. 3136], the Contract with America Advancement Act. The bill was referred to the House Committees on Ways and Means, Budget, Rules, the Judiciary, Small Business, and Government Reform and Oversight for consideration. On March 27, the House Rules Committee reported up a resolution, [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/hres391/BILLS-104hres391eh.pdf H.R. Res. 391], which provided for the consideration of H.R. 3136. [https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/hrpt500/CRPT-104hrpt500.pdf H.R. Rep. 104-500] (1996). The next day, both the resolution and the bill passed the House, and the bill was read and passed without amendment by the Senate. President Clinton signed the bill into law on March 29, 1996.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 was originally introduced on June 16, 1995, by Senator Bond as [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/s942/BILLS-104s942rfh.pdf S. 942] (141 Cong. Rec. 8560). It was referred to the Committee on Small Business, and hearings were held on February 28, 1996 (S. Hrg. 104-443). The Senate passed S. 942, as amended, on March 19, 1996. Three days later, the House began considering the measure as part of [https://www.congress.gov/104/plaws/publ121/PLAW-104publ121.pdf H.R. 3136], the Contract with America Advancement Act. The bill was referred to the House Committees on Ways and Means, Budget, Rules, the Judiciary, Small Business, and Government Reform and Oversight for consideration. On March 27, the House Rules Committee reported up a resolution, [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/hres391/BILLS-104hres391eh.pdf H.R. Res. 391], which provided for the consideration of H.R. 3136. [https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/hrpt500/CRPT-104hrpt500.pdf H.R. Rep. 104-500] (1996). The next day, both the resolution and the bill passed the House, and the bill was read and passed without amendment by the Senate. President Clinton signed the bill into law on March 29, 1996.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most extensive discussion of the Reg Flex Act’s original provisions is Verkuil’s 1982 [https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2804&context=dlj Critical Guide to the Regulatory Flexibility Act]. Although it is somewhat dated and does not include a discussion of the 1996 Amendments, the Guide may still be useful in some regard since the Amendments changed very little of the previous substantive requirements of the Reg Flex Act. The annual reports issued by the Small Business Administration’s Office of Advocacy contain a wealth of information on agency implementation of the Reg Flex Act, as well as on the Reg Flex Act’s strengths and weaknesses as identified by that Office. These reports, along with a host of other Regulatory Flexibility Act documents, can be found at the [https://www.sba.gov/category/advocacy-navigation-structure/regulatory-policy_0 Office of Advocacy’s Regulatory Affairs webpage].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most extensive discussion of the Reg Flex Act’s original provisions is Verkuil’s 1982 [https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2804&context=dlj Critical Guide to the Regulatory Flexibility Act]. Although it is somewhat dated and does not include a discussion of the 1996 Amendments, the Guide may still be useful in some regard since the Amendments changed very little of the previous substantive requirements of the Reg Flex Act. The annual reports issued by the Small Business Administration’s Office of Advocacy contain a wealth of information on agency implementation of the Reg Flex Act, as well as on the Reg Flex Act’s strengths and weaknesses as identified by that Office. These reports, along with a host of other Regulatory Flexibility Act documents, can be found at the [https://www.sba.gov/category/advocacy-navigation-structure/regulatory-policy_0 Office of Advocacy’s Regulatory Affairs webpage].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l62" >Line 62:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 62:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act'', Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practices and Procedures of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 95th Cong. (1977).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act'', Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practices and Procedures of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 95th Cong. (1977).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practice and Procedure, S. Comm. on the Judiciary and S. Select Comm. on Small Business, 95th Cong. (1978).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practice and Procedure, S. Comm. on the Judiciary and S. Select Comm. on Small Business, 95th Cong. (1978).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>S. Rep. No. 1322<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </del>(1978).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*S. Rep. No. 1322 (1978).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Reform'', Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practice and Procedure of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 96th Cong. (1979).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Reform'', Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practice and Procedure of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 96th Cong. (1979).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>H. Rep. No. 519<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </del>(1979).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*H. Rep. No. 519 (1979).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''President’s Statement on Senate Approval of S.299'', 16 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1,508 (Aug. 6, 1980).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''President’s Statement on Senate Approval of S.299'', 16 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1,508 (Aug. 6, 1980).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</del>S. Rep. No. 878<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </del>(1980)<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, ''reprinted in'' 1980 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News 2788</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*S. Rep. No. 878 (1980).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Flexibility Act'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Regulatory Reform, S. Comm. on the Judiciary and Subcomm. on Gov't Regulation and Paperwork, S. Comm. on Small Business, 97th Cong. (1982).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Flexibility Act'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Regulatory Reform, S. Comm. on the Judiciary and Subcomm. on Gov't Regulation and Paperwork, S. Comm. on Small Business, 97th Cong. (1982).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Reform Initiatives'', Hearing Before the S. Comm. on <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gov'tal </del>Affairs, 100th Cong. (1988).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Reform Initiatives'', Hearing Before the S. Comm. on <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Gov’tal </ins>Affairs, 100th Cong. (1988).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''S.917 and S.942: Implementing the White House Conference on Small Business–Recommendations on Regulations and Paperwork'', Hearing Before the S. Small Business Comm., 104th Cong. (1996).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''S.917 and S.942: Implementing the White House Conference on Small Business–Recommendations on Regulations and Paperwork'', Hearing Before the S. Small Business Comm., 104th Cong. (1996).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Providing for the Consideration of H.R. 3136, The Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996, [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-104hrpt500/pdf/CRPT-104hrpt500.pdf H.R. Rep. No. 104-500] (1996).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Providing for the Consideration of H.R. 3136, The Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996, [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-104hrpt500/pdf/CRPT-104hrpt500.pdf H.R. Rep. No. 104-500] (1996).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act: Are Federal Agencies Using “Good Science” in Their Rule Making?'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Gov’t Programs and Oversight, Subcomm. on Regulation Reform and Paperwork Reduction of the H. Comm. on Small Business, 105th Cong. (1997).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act: Are Federal Agencies Using “Good Science” in Their Rule Making?'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Gov’t Programs and Oversight, Subcomm. on Regulation Reform and Paperwork Reduction of the H. Comm. on Small Business, 105th Cong. (1997).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg65907/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg65907.pdf Reducing Federal Agency Overreach: Modernizing the Regulatory Flexibility Act]'','' H. Comm. on Small Business, 112th Cong. (2011).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg65907/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg65907.pdf Reducing Federal Agency Overreach: Modernizing the Regulatory Flexibility Act]'','' H. Comm. on Small Business, 112th Cong. (2011).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg77558/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg77558.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act Compliance: Is EPA Failing Small Businesses?], Hearing Before H. Comm. on Small Bus., 112th Cong. (2012).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/></ins><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg77558/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg77558.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act Compliance: Is EPA Failing Small Businesses?], Hearing Before H. Comm. on Small Bus., 112th Cong. (2012).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-114hrpt14/pdf/CRPT-114hrpt14.pdf H.R. Rep. No. 114–14] (2015).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-114hrpt14/pdf/CRPT-114hrpt14.pdf H.R. Rep. No. 114–14] (2015).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></div></td></tr>
</table>Frankhttps://sourcebook.acus.gov/index.php?title=Regulatory_Flexibility_Act&diff=1301&oldid=prevFrank at 15:15, 27 November 20182018-11-27T15:15:45Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:15, 27 November 2018</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===104th Congress===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===104th Congress===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 was originally introduced on June 16, 1995, by Senator Bond as [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/s942/BILLS-104s942rfh.pdf S. 942] (141 Cong. Rec. 8560). It was referred to the Committee on Small Business, and hearings were held on February 28, 1996 (''S. Hrg. 104-443''). The Senate passed S. 942, as amended, on March 19, 1996. Three days later, the House began considering the measure as part of [https://www.congress.gov/104/plaws/publ121/PLAW-104publ121.pdf H.R. 3136], the Contract with America Advancement Act. The bill was referred to the House Committees on Ways and Means, Budget, Rules, the Judiciary, Small Business, and Government Reform and Oversight for consideration. On March 27, the House Rules Committee reported up a resolution, [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/hres391/BILLS-104hres391eh.pdf H.R. Res. 391], which provided for the consideration of H.R. 3136 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>[https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/hrpt500/CRPT-104hrpt500.pdf H.R. Rep. 104-500]). The next day, both the resolution and the bill passed the House, and the bill was read and passed without amendment by the Senate. President Clinton signed the bill into law on March 29, 1996.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 was originally introduced on June 16, 1995, by Senator Bond as [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/s942/BILLS-104s942rfh.pdf S. 942] (141 Cong. Rec. 8560). It was referred to the Committee on Small Business, and hearings were held on February 28, 1996 (''S. Hrg. 104-443''). The Senate passed S. 942, as amended, on March 19, 1996. Three days later, the House began considering the measure as part of [https://www.congress.gov/104/plaws/publ121/PLAW-104publ121.pdf H.R. 3136], the Contract with America Advancement Act. The bill was referred to the House Committees on Ways and Means, Budget, Rules, the Judiciary, Small Business, and Government Reform and Oversight for consideration. On March 27, the House Rules Committee reported up a resolution, [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/hres391/BILLS-104hres391eh.pdf H.R. Res. 391], which provided for the consideration of H.R. 3136<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. </ins>[https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/hrpt500/CRPT-104hrpt500.pdf H.R. Rep. 104-500] <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(1996</ins>). The next day, both the resolution and the bill passed the House, and the bill was read and passed without amendment by the Senate. President Clinton signed the bill into law on March 29, 1996.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most extensive discussion of the Reg Flex Act’s original provisions is Verkuil’s 1982 [https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2804&context=dlj Critical Guide to the Regulatory Flexibility Act]. Although it is somewhat dated and does not include a discussion of the 1996 Amendments, the Guide may still be useful in some regard since the Amendments changed very little of the previous substantive requirements of the Reg Flex Act. The annual reports issued by the Small Business Administration’s Office of Advocacy contain a wealth of information on agency implementation of the Reg Flex Act, as well as on the Reg Flex Act’s strengths and weaknesses as identified by that Office. These reports, along with a host of other Regulatory Flexibility Act documents, can be found at the [https://www.sba.gov/category/advocacy-navigation-structure/regulatory-policy_0 Office of Advocacy’s Regulatory Affairs webpage].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most extensive discussion of the Reg Flex Act’s original provisions is Verkuil’s 1982 [https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2804&context=dlj Critical Guide to the Regulatory Flexibility Act]. Although it is somewhat dated and does not include a discussion of the 1996 Amendments, the Guide may still be useful in some regard since the Amendments changed very little of the previous substantive requirements of the Reg Flex Act. The annual reports issued by the Small Business Administration’s Office of Advocacy contain a wealth of information on agency implementation of the Reg Flex Act, as well as on the Reg Flex Act’s strengths and weaknesses as identified by that Office. These reports, along with a host of other Regulatory Flexibility Act documents, can be found at the [https://www.sba.gov/category/advocacy-navigation-structure/regulatory-policy_0 Office of Advocacy’s Regulatory Affairs webpage].</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act'', Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practices and Procedures of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 95th Cong. (1977).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act'', Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practices and Procedures of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 95th Cong. (1977).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practice and Procedure, S. Comm. on the Judiciary and S. Select Comm. on Small Business, 95th Cong. (1978).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practice and Procedure, S. Comm. on the Judiciary and S. Select Comm. on Small Business, 95th Cong. (1978).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Report to Accompany S.1974, </del>''S. Rep. No. 1322''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. </del>(1978).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''S. Rep. No. 1322'' (1978).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Reform'', Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practice and Procedure of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 96th Cong. (1979).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Reform'', Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Admin. Practice and Procedure of the S. Comm. on the Judiciary, 96th Cong. (1979).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Report to Accompany H.R.4660, </del>''H. Rep. No. 519''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 96th Cong., 1st Sess. </del>(1979).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''H. Rep. No. 519'' (1979).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''President’s Statement on Senate Approval of S.299'', 16 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1,508 (Aug. 6, 1980).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''President’s Statement on Senate Approval of S.299'', 16 Weekly Comp. Pres. Doc. 1,508 (Aug. 6, 1980).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Report to Accompany S.299, </del>''S. Rep. No. 878''<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. </del>(1980), reprinted in 1980 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News 2788.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''S. Rep. No. 878'' (1980), <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>reprinted in<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'' </ins>1980 U.S. Code Cong. & Ad. News 2788.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Flexibility Act'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Regulatory Reform, S. Comm. on the Judiciary and Subcomm. on Gov't Regulation and Paperwork, S. Comm. on Small Business, 97th Cong. (1982).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Flexibility Act'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Regulatory Reform, S. Comm. on the Judiciary and Subcomm. on Gov't Regulation and Paperwork, S. Comm. on Small Business, 97th Cong. (1982).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Reform Initiatives'', Hearing Before the S. Comm. on Gov'tal Affairs, 100th Cong. (1988).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''Regulatory Reform Initiatives'', Hearing Before the S. Comm. on Gov'tal Affairs, 100th Cong. (1988).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''S.917 and S.942: Implementing the White House Conference on Small Business–Recommendations on Regulations and Paperwork'', Hearing Before the S. Small Business Comm., 104th Cong. (1996).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''S.917 and S.942: Implementing the White House Conference on Small Business–Recommendations on Regulations and Paperwork'', Hearing Before the S. Small Business Comm., 104th Cong. (1996).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Providing for the Consideration of H.R. 3136, The Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996, [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-104hrpt500/pdf/CRPT-104hrpt500.pdf H.R. Rep. No. 104-500]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 104th Cong., 2d Sess. </del>(1996).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*Providing for the Consideration of H.R. 3136, The Contract with America Advancement Act of 1996, [https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-104hrpt500/pdf/CRPT-104hrpt500.pdf H.R. Rep. No. 104-500] (1996).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act: Are Federal Agencies Using “Good Science” in Their Rule Making?'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Gov’t Programs and Oversight, Subcomm. on Regulation Reform and Paperwork Reduction of the H. Comm. on Small Business, 105th Cong. (1997).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''The Regulatory Flexibility Act: Are Federal Agencies Using “Good Science” in Their Rule Making?'', J. Hearing Before the Subcomm. on Gov’t Programs and Oversight, Subcomm. on Regulation Reform and Paperwork Reduction of the H. Comm. on Small Business, 105th Cong. (1997).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg65907/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg65907.pdf Reducing Federal Agency Overreach: Modernizing the Regulatory Flexibility Act]'','' H. Comm. on Small Business, 112th Cong. (2011).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg65907/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg65907.pdf Reducing Federal Agency Overreach: Modernizing the Regulatory Flexibility Act]'','' H. Comm. on Small Business, 112th Cong. (2011).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg77558/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg77558.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act Compliance: Is EPA Failing Small Businesses?], Hearing Before H. Comm. on Small Bus., 112th Cong. (2012).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-112hhrg77558/pdf/CHRG-112hhrg77558.pdf Regulatory Flexibility Act Compliance: Is EPA Failing Small Businesses?], Hearing Before H. Comm. on Small Bus., 112th Cong. (2012).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<nowiki/><nowiki/>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-114hrpt14/pdf/CRPT-114hrpt14.pdf H.R. Rep. No. 114–14]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, 114th Cong., 2d Sess. </del>(2015).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><nowiki/><nowiki/></ins><nowiki/><nowiki/>[https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-114hrpt14/pdf/CRPT-114hrpt14.pdf H.R. Rep. No. 114–14] (2015).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div></div></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>Frankhttps://sourcebook.acus.gov/index.php?title=Regulatory_Flexibility_Act&diff=1289&oldid=prevTori: /* Judicial Review */2018-11-26T16:39:24Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Judicial Review</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:39, 26 November 2018</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1996, after noting that agencies were too often ignoring the requirements of the Reg Flex Act, Congress amended it to provide judicial review of certain of the Reg Flex Act’s provisions, but such suits may only be brought by small entities, as defined in the Reg Flex Act, that are adversely affected or aggrieved by a final agency action. ''See'' [https://ecf.dcd.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2012cv1253-27 W. Wood Preservers Institute v. McHugh], 925 F. Supp. 2d 63 (D.D.C. 2013). Moreover, the Reg Flex Act expressly provides that agency compliance or noncompliance with any provision of the Reg Flex Act can be reviewed only as provided in the Reg Flex Act. ''See, e.g.'', [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/74974D6C85377E9B85257A250050DB5C/$file/10-1183-1380223.pdf Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. EPA], 682 F.3d 1032 (D.C. Cir. 2012). Without limiting the possibilities for relief, the Reg Flex Act specifies the additional possibility of deferring enforcement against small entities while leaving the rule in place for non-small entities.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1996, after noting that agencies were too often ignoring the requirements of the Reg Flex Act, Congress amended it to provide judicial review of certain of the Reg Flex Act’s provisions, but such suits may only be brought by small entities, as defined in the Reg Flex Act, that are adversely affected or aggrieved by a final agency action. ''See'' [https://ecf.dcd.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2012cv1253-27 W. Wood Preservers Institute v. McHugh], 925 F. Supp. 2d 63 (D.D.C. 2013). Moreover, the Reg Flex Act expressly provides that agency compliance or noncompliance with any provision of the Reg Flex Act can be reviewed only as provided in the Reg Flex Act. ''See, e.g.'', [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/74974D6C85377E9B85257A250050DB5C/$file/10-1183-1380223.pdf Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. EPA], 682 F.3d 1032 (D.C. Cir. 2012). Without limiting the possibilities for relief, the Reg Flex Act specifies the additional possibility of deferring enforcement against small entities while leaving the rule in place for non-small entities.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Courts are instructed to conduct their review in accordance with Chapter 7 of the APA. The courts have recognized that the Reg Flex Act’s requirements for an initial and final regulatory flexibility analysis are purely procedural. ''See, e.g.'', [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/12DB294E32B72A1385256F7A00641E85/$file/00-1072a.txt U.S. Cellular Corp. v. FCC], 254 F.3d 78, 88 (D.C. Cir. 2001). In assessing compliance with those procedural requirements, courts have held that the standard of review is one of reasonableness, meaning that the agency must have made a reasonable, good-faith effort to carry out the requirements of the statute. ''Associated Fisheries of Maine, Inc. v. Daley'', 127 F.3d 104, 114 (1st Cir. 1997); ''see also'' ''Southern Offshore Fishing Ass’n v. Daley'', 995 F. Supp. 1411 (M.D. Fl. 1998). Under the reasonableness standard, an agency need only consider significant alternatives to a rule, rather than all alternatives, when doing a final RFA. ''Associated Fisheries'', 127 F.3d at 116. Similarly, an agency must make a reasonable effort to facilitate participation by small entities, but the method and manner of accomplishing this is left to agency discretion, since the Reg Flex Act only offers suggestions. ''Id.'' at 117. Southern Offshore applied the reasonableness standard and concluded that the agency’s certification of no significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities was unsatisfactory because the evidence contradicted many of the assumptions upon which the certification was based. ''Southern Offshore'', 995 F. Supp. at 1436.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Courts are instructed to conduct their review in accordance with Chapter 7 of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Administrative Procedure Act|</ins>APA<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. The courts have recognized that the Reg Flex Act’s requirements for an initial and final regulatory flexibility analysis are purely procedural. ''See, e.g.'', [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/12DB294E32B72A1385256F7A00641E85/$file/00-1072a.txt U.S. Cellular Corp. v. FCC], 254 F.3d 78, 88 (D.C. Cir. 2001). In assessing compliance with those procedural requirements, courts have held that the standard of review is one of reasonableness, meaning that the agency must have made a reasonable, good-faith effort to carry out the requirements of the statute. ''Associated Fisheries of Maine, Inc. v. Daley'', 127 F.3d 104, 114 (1st Cir. 1997); ''see also'' ''Southern Offshore Fishing Ass’n v. Daley'', 995 F. Supp. 1411 (M.D. Fl. 1998). Under the reasonableness standard, an agency need only consider significant alternatives to a rule, rather than all alternatives, when doing a final RFA. ''Associated Fisheries'', 127 F.3d at 116. Similarly, an agency must make a reasonable effort to facilitate participation by small entities, but the method and manner of accomplishing this is left to agency discretion, since the Reg Flex Act only offers suggestions. ''Id.'' at 117. Southern Offshore applied the reasonableness standard and concluded that the agency’s certification of no significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities was unsatisfactory because the evidence contradicted many of the assumptions upon which the certification was based. ''Southern Offshore'', 995 F. Supp. at 1436.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several cases have involved challenges to the adequacy of an agency certification of no significant impact or final RFA by claiming that the agency failed to consider the effects of the proposed rule on a particular entity. The first, ''Mid-Tex Electric Cooperative, Inc. v. FERC'', 773 F.2d 327 (D.C. Cir. 1985), determined that the certification was appropriate because the agency need only consider the rule’s direct impact on regulated entities and not the indirect impacts of the rule on entities not regulated by the agency. More recent cases have affirmed Mid-Tex’s holding. ''See, e.g.'', [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/EF8395F2EE4D5B1985256F7A006441F7/$file/99-1457a.txt Cement Kiln Recycling Coalition v. EPA], 255 F.3d 855 (D.C. Cir. 2001); [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/2C84DF90A90B8E4D85256F12006E50F5/$file/96-1392a.txt Motor & Equipment Manufacturers Ass’n v. Nichols], 142 F.3d 449, 467 (D.C. Cir. 1998); ''United Distribution Cos. v. FERC'', 88 F.3d 1105, 1170 (D.C. Cir. 1996); ''State of Colo. ex rel. Colorado State Banking Bd. v. Resolution Trust'', 926 F.2d 931 (10th Cir. 1991). ''But see'' [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/B46FDD11B39FE4E68525744000455588/$file/06-1091a.pdf Aeronautical Repair Station Ass’n, Inc. v. FAA], 494 F.3d 161 (D.C. Cir. 2007).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Several cases have involved challenges to the adequacy of an agency certification of no significant impact or final RFA by claiming that the agency failed to consider the effects of the proposed rule on a particular entity. The first, ''Mid-Tex Electric Cooperative, Inc. v. FERC'', 773 F.2d 327 (D.C. Cir. 1985), determined that the certification was appropriate because the agency need only consider the rule’s direct impact on regulated entities and not the indirect impacts of the rule on entities not regulated by the agency. More recent cases have affirmed Mid-Tex’s holding. ''See, e.g.'', [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/EF8395F2EE4D5B1985256F7A006441F7/$file/99-1457a.txt Cement Kiln Recycling Coalition v. EPA], 255 F.3d 855 (D.C. Cir. 2001); [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/2C84DF90A90B8E4D85256F12006E50F5/$file/96-1392a.txt Motor & Equipment Manufacturers Ass’n v. Nichols], 142 F.3d 449, 467 (D.C. Cir. 1998); ''United Distribution Cos. v. FERC'', 88 F.3d 1105, 1170 (D.C. Cir. 1996); ''State of Colo. ex rel. Colorado State Banking Bd. v. Resolution Trust'', 926 F.2d 931 (10th Cir. 1991). ''But see'' [https://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/opinions.nsf/B46FDD11B39FE4E68525744000455588/$file/06-1091a.pdf Aeronautical Repair Station Ass’n, Inc. v. FAA], 494 F.3d 161 (D.C. Cir. 2007).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===104th Congress===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===104th Congress===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 was originally introduced on June 16, 1995, by Senator Bond as [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/s942/BILLS-104s942rfh.pdf S. 942] (141 Cong. Rec. 8560). It was referred to the Committee on Small Business, and hearings were held on February 28, 1996 (S. Hrg. 104-443). The Senate passed S. 942, as amended, on March 19, 1996. Three days later, the House began considering the measure as part of [https://www.congress.gov/104/plaws/publ121/PLAW-104publ121.pdf H.R. 3136], the Contract with America Advancement Act. The bill was referred to the House Committees on Ways and Means, Budget, Rules, the Judiciary, Small Business, and Government Reform and Oversight for consideration. On March 27, the House Rules Committee reported up a resolution, [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/hres391/BILLS-104hres391eh.pdf H.R. Res. 391], which provided for the consideration of H.R. 3136 ([https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/hrpt500/CRPT-104hrpt500.pdf H.R. Rep. 104-500]). The next day, both the resolution and the bill passed the House, and the bill was read and passed without amendment by the Senate. President Clinton signed the bill into law on March 29, 1996.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act of 1996 was originally introduced on June 16, 1995, by Senator Bond as [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/s942/BILLS-104s942rfh.pdf S. 942] (141 Cong. Rec. 8560). It was referred to the Committee on Small Business, and hearings were held on February 28, 1996 (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>S. Hrg. 104-443<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''</ins>). The Senate passed S. 942, as amended, on March 19, 1996. Three days later, the House began considering the measure as part of [https://www.congress.gov/104/plaws/publ121/PLAW-104publ121.pdf H.R. 3136], the Contract with America Advancement Act. The bill was referred to the House Committees on Ways and Means, Budget, Rules, the Judiciary, Small Business, and Government Reform and Oversight for consideration. On March 27, the House Rules Committee reported up a resolution, [https://www.congress.gov/104/bills/hres391/BILLS-104hres391eh.pdf H.R. Res. 391], which provided for the consideration of H.R. 3136 ([https://www.congress.gov/104/crpt/hrpt500/CRPT-104hrpt500.pdf H.R. Rep. 104-500]). The next day, both the resolution and the bill passed the House, and the bill was read and passed without amendment by the Senate. President Clinton signed the bill into law on March 29, 1996.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most extensive discussion of the Reg Flex Act’s original provisions is Verkuil’s 1982 [https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2804&context=dlj Critical Guide to the Regulatory Flexibility Act]. Although it is somewhat dated and does not include a discussion of the 1996 Amendments, the Guide may still be useful in some regard since the Amendments changed very little of the previous substantive requirements of the Reg Flex Act. The annual reports issued by the Small Business Administration’s Office of Advocacy contain a wealth of information on agency implementation of the Reg Flex Act, as well as on the Reg Flex Act’s strengths and weaknesses as identified by that Office. These reports, along with a host of other Regulatory Flexibility Act documents, can be found at the [https://www.sba.gov/category/advocacy-navigation-structure/regulatory-policy_0 Office of Advocacy’s Regulatory Affairs webpage].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most extensive discussion of the Reg Flex Act’s original provisions is Verkuil’s 1982 [https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2804&context=dlj Critical Guide to the Regulatory Flexibility Act]. Although it is somewhat dated and does not include a discussion of the 1996 Amendments, the Guide may still be useful in some regard since the Amendments changed very little of the previous substantive requirements of the Reg Flex Act. The annual reports issued by the Small Business Administration’s Office of Advocacy contain a wealth of information on agency implementation of the Reg Flex Act, as well as on the Reg Flex Act’s strengths and weaknesses as identified by that Office. These reports, along with a host of other Regulatory Flexibility Act documents, can be found at the [https://www.sba.gov/category/advocacy-navigation-structure/regulatory-policy_0 Office of Advocacy’s Regulatory Affairs webpage].</div></td></tr>
</table>Tori